Naturalization Application: How to Get US Citizenship
Complete guide to US naturalization: eligibility requirements, how to file Form N-400, common mistakes to avoid, and what happens after you take the Oath of Allegiance.
To become a US citizen through naturalization, you must file Form N-400 with USCIS, meet eligibility requirements, pass an interview and civics test, and take the Oath of Allegiance. The entire process typically takes 8–24 months depending on your location and USCIS workload. Most lawful permanent residents (green card holders) are eligible to apply after 5 years of continuous residence.
Who Is Eligible for Naturalization?
Before submitting your naturalization application for US citizenship, make sure you meet the basic requirements:
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Naturalization: from N-400 to the Oath
- You are at least 18 years old
- You have been a lawful permanent resident (LPR) for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a US citizen)
- You have maintained continuous residence in the US and have not taken long trips abroad
- You have been physically present in the US for at least 30 months out of the past 60
- You demonstrate good moral character
- You can speak, read, and write basic English
- You pass the civics test on US history and government
Step-by-Step: How to File Form N-400
Follow these steps to complete your naturalization application correctly:
- Step 1. Download and complete Form N-400 from the official USCIS website (uscis.gov).
- Step 2. Gather supporting documents: green card copy, passport photos, tax returns, travel history, and any court records if applicable.
- Step 3. Pay the filing fee — currently $725 (includes biometrics). Fee waivers are available for eligible applicants.
- Step 4. Submit your application by mail or online through your USCIS account.
- Step 5. Attend a biometrics appointment to provide fingerprints and photo.
- Step 6. Prepare for and attend your naturalization interview and civics test.
- Step 7. Receive your decision and, if approved, take the Oath of Allegiance at a ceremony.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Many applicants delay or jeopardize their naturalization application for US citizenship by making avoidable errors:
- Failing to report all trips abroad lasting more than 6 months
- Omitting arrests or criminal records, even minor ones
- Not updating their address with USCIS in time
- Submitting incorrect or outdated forms
- Missing the biometrics or interview appointment without rescheduling
If your case is complex — for example, you have a criminal history, extended absences from the US, or prior immigration violations — consulting a qualified immigration attorney before filing is strongly recommended.
Get Expert Help With Your Application
Navigating the naturalization process can be challenging, especially if your situation involves complications. Ilya Fishkin, immigration attorney has extensive experience helping immigrants successfully apply for US citizenship. An experienced attorney can review your eligibility, prepare your documents, and represent you if any issues arise during the process.
After You Become a US Citizen
Once you take the Oath of Allegiance, you will receive your Certificate of Naturalization. With it, you can apply for a US passport, vote in federal elections, sponsor certain family members for green cards, and access benefits available only to citizens. Keep your certificate in a safe place — it is an essential identity document.
What to do, step by step — see our guide “The Path to U.S. Citizenship”.
This material is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does the naturalization application process take in 2024?
Processing times vary by USCIS field office, but most applicants wait between 8 and 24 months from the date of filing Form N-400 to the naturalization ceremony.
Can I apply for US citizenship if I have a criminal record?
It depends on the nature and timing of the offense. Some criminal records may affect your good moral character determination and disqualify you. Consult an immigration attorney before filing.
What happens if I fail the civics test at my naturalization interview?
If you fail the English or civics test, you will be given a second opportunity to take it within 60 to 90 days of your initial interview. If you fail again, your application may be denied.
Do I lose my original citizenship when I become a US citizen?
The US does not require you to renounce your original citizenship, but your home country may not recognize dual citizenship. Check the laws of your country of origin before applying.